Contraceptives
 


Anti-implantation contraceptives like the intrauterine device (IUD) act preventing the implantation of the zygote on the endometrium (the capability of the womb´s internal lining of receiving a newly conceived human being), [1] so capable of producing an abortion.

The way in which actúa the morning after pill acts the implantation of the zygote (the newly conceived human being),[2] so it is capable of producing an abortion.

Some of the negative effects hormonales of hormonal contraception on women health include: severe vaginal hemorrhage, headache, migraine ,[3] acné, depression, hirsutism (excessive face hairiness), overweight, vaginitis, abdominal pain, nausea and vomit, vascular alterations like venous thromboses venosa (leg thrombi), [4],[5] acute miocardial infarction (heart attack) ,[6],[7],[8] pre-eclampsia(high blood pressure during pregnancy) ,[9] thromboembolism ,[10] cerebral infarction,[11] brain hemorrhage ,[12] increased cervical cancer incidence,[13] breast cancer,[14] ovarian cancer,[15] and gall bladder alterations among others.

Many studies have demonstrated an association between the use of oral contraceptives and an increase in HIV infections .[16],[17].

 

  
 

 

References:

[1] http://berlex.bayerhealthcare.com/html/products/pi/Mirena_PI.pdf

[2] http://www.fda.gov/cder/drug/infopage/planB/planBQandA.htm

[3] Schürks M, Rist PM, Bigal ME, Buring JE, Lipton RB, Kurth T. Migraine and cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2009; 339:b4380.

[4] Kemmeren JM, Algra A, Grobbee DE. Third generation oral contraceptives and risk of venous thrombosis: meta-analysis. BMJ 2001; 323(7305):131-4.

[5] Jick H, Kaye JA, Vasilakis-Scaramozza C, Jick SS. Risk of venous thromboembolism among users of third generation oral contraceptives compared with users of oral contraceptives with levonorgestrel before and after 1995: cohort and case-control analysis. BMJ 2000; 321 (7270):1190-5.

[6] Baillargeon JP, McClish DK, Essah PA, Nestler JE. Association between the current use of low-dose oral contraceptives and cardiovascular arterial disease: a meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90(7):3863-70.

[7] Lewis MA, Heinemann LA, Spitzer WO, MacRae KD, Bruppacher R. The use of oral contraceptives and the occurrence of acute myocardial infarction in young women. Results from the Transnational Study on Oral Contraceptives and the Health of Young Women. Contraception 1997; 56(3):129-40.

[8] Chasan-Taber L, Stampfer MJ. Epidemiology of oral contraceptives and cardiovascular disease. Ann Intern Med 1998; 128(6):467-77.

[9] Thadhani R, Stampfer MJ, Chasan-Taber L, Willet WC, Curhan GC. A prospective study of pregravid oral contraceptive use and risk of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Contraception 1999; 60(3):145-50.

[10] Wu O, Robertson L, Twaddle S, Lowe GD, Clark P, Greaves M, et al. Screening for thrombophilia in high-risk situations: systematic review and cost-effectiveness analysis. The Thrombosis: Risk and Economic Assessment of Thrombophilia Screening (TREATS) study.Health Technol Assess 2006; 10(11):1-110.

[11] Gillum LA, Mamidipudi SK, Johnston SC. Ischemic stroke risk with oral contraceptives: A meta-analysis. JAMA 2000; 284(1):72-8.

[12] Johnston SC, Colford JM Jr, Gress DR. Oral contraceptives and the risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage: a meta-analysis. Neurology 1998; 51(2):411-8.

[13] International Collaboration of Epidemiological Studies of Cervical Cancer. Cervical cancer and hormonal contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of individual data for 16 573 women with cervical cancer and 35 509 women without cervical cancer from 24 epidemiological studies. Lancet 2007; 370:1609–21.

[14] Kahlenborn C, Modugno F, Severs WB. Oral contraceptives and breast cancer. Mayo Clin Proc 2008; 83(7):849-50.

[15] Bernstein L. The risk of breast, endometrial and ovarian cancer in users of hormonal preparations. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2006; 98(3):288-96.

[16] Wang CC, Reilly M, Kreiss JK. Risk of HIV infection in oral contraceptive pill users: a meta-analysis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1999; 21(1):51-8.

[17] Baeten JM, Benki S, Chohan V, Lavreys L, McClelland RS, Mandaliya K, et al. Hormonal contraceptive use, herpes simplex virus infection, and risk of HIV-1 acquisition among Kenyan women. AIDS 2007, 21:1771–77.

 

  

 

Recommend this site to a friend
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES I PREGNANCY I CONDOM I CONTRACEPTION I 100% SAFE METHOD I PARENTING SCHOOL
About us I News I Videos I Homosexuality I Abortion I Contact Us
® Sexo Seguro is a registered trademark property of Sexo Seguro, A.C. The content in this website and the article selection are the exclusive property of Sexo Seguro, A.C. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited. Misuse and reproduction of all or part of the content is subject to legal action from Sexo Seguro, A.C. being the legitimate owner of the rights derived from Intellectual Property derived resulting from the contents of the website and the corresponding trademarks.